Harihara raya I -Vijanagara Empire Sangamam dynasty
Biography of Hari Hara I (1336-1353 A.D.)
Hari Hara I founded the Vijayanagara empire in collaboration with his brother Bukka. Earlier both of them were in the service of Pratap Rudra Deva Kakakitya of Warrangal.
They fled from their place in 1323 when the Muslims captured it. They took up service with the Raja of Anagondi in the Raichur district.
But soon this territory also fell in the hands of the Muslims and both the brothers were taken to Delhi. This led to a Hindu rebellion at their place and they were released. Anagondi was restored to them but they became feudatories of the ruler of Delhi.
In 1335, they founded the imperial city of Vijayanagara on the banks of the river Tungbhadara. The city was named after the name of Vidyaranya, a famous sage and scholar. In 1336, a great and powerful independent Hindu kingdom named as Vijayanagara was founded by them. In 1336 itself Hari Hara accomplished his coronation ceremony according to Hindu rites and assumed the title of ‘Maharajadhiraja’.
Regarding the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire, Dr. V.S. Smith has observed, “There is however no doubt that the new power was the outcome of the efforts made by two brothers, sons of Sanghama to stay the tide of Muslim invasion and preserve the Hindu Dharma in the peninsula”.
Consolidation of the empire:
Before his death, Hari Hara was able to extend his kingdom in the areas along the sea coast east to west and in the north to river Krishna and river Kaveri in the south. His kingdom included the territories of Kanara, Mysore, Trichurapalli, Kanchi and Chingalpat.
Administrative reforms:
Hari Hara established a sound system of administration. His system of civil administration lasted till the last days of the Vijayanagara empire.
Hari Hara encouraged agriculture and strengthened the fortification of several forts.
Source of information from Wikipedia
Harihara I
Harihara I, also called Hakka and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara Empire, which he ruled from 1336 to 1356 CE.[1] He and his successors formed the Sangama dynasty, the first of four dynasties to rule the empire. He was the eldest son of Bhavana Sangama,[1] the chieftain of a cowherd pastoralist community descent from the Yadava race.[2][3]
| Harihara I | |
|---|---|
| Founder of Vijayanagara Empire | |
| Predecessor | Hoysala emperor Veera Ballala III |
| Successor | Bukka Raya I |
| Born | 1306 |
| Died | 1356 |
| Dynasty | Sangama |
| Father | Sangama |
The early life of Hakka and his brother Bukka is relatively unknown and most accounts are based on various theories. Ballappa Dandanayaka, a nephew of the Hoysala emperor Veera Ballala III, had married a daughter of Harihara.[4] This shows that Harihara was associated with the Hoysala Court. Immediately after coming to power, he built a fort at Barkuru, on the west coast of present-day Karnataka. It appears from inscriptions that he was administering the northern parts of present-day Karnataka from his seat at Gooty (Gutti), Ananthpur district in 1339. He initially controlled the northern portions of the Hoysala Empire before taking full control over its entire range after the death of Hoysala Veera Ballala III in 1343. Kannada inscriptions of his time call him Karnataka Vidya Vilas ("master of great knowledge and skills"), Bhashege tappuva rayara ganda ("punisher of those feudatories who don't keep their promise"), and Arirayavibhada ("fire to enemy kings"). Among his brothers, Kampana governed the Nellur region, Muddppa administered the Mulabagalu region, Marappa oversaw Chandragutti and Bukka Raya was his second in command.
His initial military exploits established his control over the valley of Tungabhadra River, and gradually he expanded his control to certain regions of Konkan and Malabar Coast. By that time, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III had died fighting the Sultan of Madurai, and the vacuum thus created allowed Harihara to emerge as a sovereign power with all the Hoysala territories under his rule.
An inscription dated 1346 regarding a grant to the Sringeri matha describes Harihara I as the ruler of "whole country between the eastern and the western seas" and describes Vidya Nagara (that is, the city of learning) as his capital.
Harihara I was succeeded by his brother Bukka I who emerged as the most distinguished amongst the five rulers (Panchasangamas) of the Sangama dynasty.
Administration
Harihara was a very able administrator. Vijayanagar was the first southern Indian state to have encompassed three major linguistic and cultural regions and to have established a high degree of political unity among them. The administration of the kingdom sporadically achieved a relatively high degree of centralization, although centrifugal tendencies regularly appeared. To the original five rajyas (provinces) held by the Sangama brothers, new ones were added as territories were acquired. Within and among these regions, a complex mosaic of great chiefly houses exercised power to varying degrees, though not with the virtual autonomy that some historians have suggested. The central administration had both a revenue and a military side, but the actual business of raising taxes and troops was mostly the responsibility of the provincial governors and their subordinates. The central government maintained a relatively small body of troops, but it assigned a value to the lands held by the provincial governors and determined the number of troops that were to be supplied from the revenues of each province.[5]
Harihara was fully conscious of the dangers which the infant state faced both from its neighbours and the Delhi sultans. He strengthened the old fort of Badami as a protection against invasions from Delhi rulers. He fortified Gooty in Anantpur District as a safeguard against Hoysala kings.
He also converted Udayagiri into a strong fort and placed his younger brother Kampana in charge of it. With the help of his able minister Anantarasa Chikka Udaiya, he reorganized the civil administration that survived for more than two hundred years. Under the nayankara system, military commanders were appointed 'nayaka' (local governor) and granted income from estates for the purpose of raising troops and maintain control over local chiefs.[6]
In order to increase the resources of the state, he encouraged the farmers to cut down forests and bring this land under cultivation. The kingdom was divided into sthalas, nadus and simas. A number of officers were appointed to run the administration and collect the revenues.[7]
முதலாம் ஹரிஹரர்
(கி.பி. 1336-1356) விஜயநகரப் பேரரசை நிறுவியவர் ஆவார்.[1] ஹக்கா சங்கம மரபைத் தொடங்கியவருமான பாவன சங்கமரின் மூத்த மகனாவார். சங்கம மரபு, விஜயநகரப் பேரரசை ஆண்ட நான்கு மரபுகளுள் முதலாவதாகும். ஆட்சிக்கு வந்த உடனேயே தற்காலக் கர்நாடகத்தின் மேற்குக் கரையோரத்தில் உள்ள பர்கூரு என்னுமிடத்தில் கோட்டை ஒன்றைக் கட்டினார். இவர் 1339 இல் அனந்த்பூர் மாவட்டத்திலுள்ள குட்டி (Gutti) என்னும் தனது தலைமையிடத்திலிருந்து இன்றைய கர்நாடகத்தின் வடக்குப் பகுதிகளை நிர்வகித்து வந்தது கல்வெட்டுக்கள் மூலம் தெரியவந்துள்ளது. இவர் தொடக்கத்தில், ஹொய்சால அரசின் வடக்குப் பகுதிகளைத் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்குள் வைத்திருந்ததாகத் தெரிகிறது. பின்னர் 1343 இல் ஹொய்சால அரசன் மூன்றாவது வீர பல்லாலனின் மறைவைத் தொடர்ந்து ஹொய்சாலம் முழுவதையும் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்குள் கொண்டுவந்தார்.
இவர் காலத்துக் கன்னடக் கல்வெட்டுக்கள், இவரை, கர்நாடக வித்யா விலாஸ் (மிகுந்த அறிவும், திறமையும் கொண்டவன்), ஆங்ரயவிபாடா (எதிர் அரசர்களுக்குத் தீ போன்றவன்), உறுதிமொழிகளைக் காப்பாற்றாத நிலப்பிரபுக்களைத் தண்டிப்பவன் எனப் பலவாறாகப் புகழப் படுகிறார். இவருடைய தம்பிகளுள், புக்கா ராயன் பேரரசருக்கு இரண்டாவது நிலையில்இருந்தார் கம்பண்ண என்பவர் நெல்லூர் பகுதியையும்,முத்தப்பா என்பவர் முலபாலு பகுதியையும், மாரப்பா என்பவர் சந்திர குட்டியையும் நிர்வாகம் செய்து வந்தனர்.
இவருடைய தொடக்கப் போர்கள் மூலம், துங்கபத்திரை ஆற்றுப் பள்ளத்தாக்குப் பகுதியில் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டை நிறுவிக் கொண்டார். பின்னர் இவருடைய கட்டுப்பாடு படிப்படியாக, கொங்கண், மலபார் கரையோரங்களிலுள்ள சில பகுதிகளுக்கும் விரிவாக்கப்பட்டது. இக்காலத்தில், மதுரை சுல்தானுடன் நிகழ்ந்த போரில் ஹொய்சாலத்தின் கடைசி அரசன் மூன்றாவது வீர பல்லாலன் இறந்தான். இந்த வெற்றிடம் அப்பகுதியில் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டை நிறுவுவதற்கு ஹரிஹரருக்கு வாய்ப்பாக அமைந்தது. முழு ஹொய்சால அரசும் ஹரிஹரரின் நேரடி ஆட்சியின்கீழ் வந்தது.
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